A Tougher Death Penalty Will Reduce Crime Essay -- Expository Cause Ef

We Need a Tougher Death Penalty      Ã‚   Many people, in general, are trying to abolish the death penalty. Why? Why try to abolish something that is in need in our corrupt world? Like for instance, in the case of the monster named Westley Dodd. The death penalty is doing the world of crime some good. If the people could see the right in their negative outlook.       Westley Dodd had been imprisoned for child molesting in many occasions and in 1989 committed a crime that of horrific nature that made even the detectives cry. Westley Dodd preyed on children, one of the many, stuck out in everyone's minds. Dodd caught the attention of five-year old boy named Lee Islei, knocked him unconscious, then dragged him to his apartment. Dodd then tortured him and molested him repeatedly for several hours, and then had the obscurity to capture it all on videotape. Dodd ended up strangling the beat-up child to death and keeping his underwear as "a souvenir" (Lerch). In Dodd's trial, he explained that he could never restrain from committing brutal sex-homicide crimes. Thankfully, the jury sentenced him to death. He requested to be executed by hanging, and was, on January 5, 1993 (Lerch). This is a perfect situation that was in definite need of the death penalty. Believe it or not, many of these sick, perverted men get out of jail. Dodd did before he murdered Le e Iseli. That's why the death penalty comes in real handy in instances like these.       There are also many points that can be proven and objects that can be expressed concerning the death penalty. The one that is going to be the main topic of this paper is, Is the death penalty an effective deterrent in the outlook of the growing crime of murder? There is a tremendou... .... DiIulio Jr., John J. "The Death Penalty Is an Effective Deterrent." The Death Penalty; Opposing Viewpoints .California:Greenhaven Press, 1997.   "Friends For Life." "Friends For Life"--the organization. [On-Line]. Available: http://www.friends-for-life.demon.co.uk/. Search: Internet. Lerch , Randy. "The Pro Death Penalty Pages." [On-line] Available: http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/8169/. Search: Internet. January 31, 1997. Lewin, Tamar. "Punishable By Death: Who Decides Who Will Die?" New York Times . New York: SIRS 1995 Corrections. 1995. Sowell, Thomas. "The Death Penalty Is an Effective Deterrent." The Death Penalty; Opposing Viewpoints .California:Greenhaven Press, 1997. Steamer, Robert J. "Furman vs. Georgia." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 1995. Appendix A. New York: SIRS 1995 Corrections. 1995. A Tougher Death Penalty Will Reduce Crime Essay -- Expository Cause Ef We Need a Tougher Death Penalty      Ã‚   Many people, in general, are trying to abolish the death penalty. Why? Why try to abolish something that is in need in our corrupt world? Like for instance, in the case of the monster named Westley Dodd. The death penalty is doing the world of crime some good. If the people could see the right in their negative outlook.       Westley Dodd had been imprisoned for child molesting in many occasions and in 1989 committed a crime that of horrific nature that made even the detectives cry. Westley Dodd preyed on children, one of the many, stuck out in everyone's minds. Dodd caught the attention of five-year old boy named Lee Islei, knocked him unconscious, then dragged him to his apartment. Dodd then tortured him and molested him repeatedly for several hours, and then had the obscurity to capture it all on videotape. Dodd ended up strangling the beat-up child to death and keeping his underwear as "a souvenir" (Lerch). In Dodd's trial, he explained that he could never restrain from committing brutal sex-homicide crimes. Thankfully, the jury sentenced him to death. He requested to be executed by hanging, and was, on January 5, 1993 (Lerch). This is a perfect situation that was in definite need of the death penalty. Believe it or not, many of these sick, perverted men get out of jail. Dodd did before he murdered Le e Iseli. That's why the death penalty comes in real handy in instances like these.       There are also many points that can be proven and objects that can be expressed concerning the death penalty. The one that is going to be the main topic of this paper is, Is the death penalty an effective deterrent in the outlook of the growing crime of murder? There is a tremendou... .... DiIulio Jr., John J. "The Death Penalty Is an Effective Deterrent." The Death Penalty; Opposing Viewpoints .California:Greenhaven Press, 1997.   "Friends For Life." "Friends For Life"--the organization. [On-Line]. Available: http://www.friends-for-life.demon.co.uk/. Search: Internet. Lerch , Randy. "The Pro Death Penalty Pages." [On-line] Available: http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/8169/. Search: Internet. January 31, 1997. Lewin, Tamar. "Punishable By Death: Who Decides Who Will Die?" New York Times . New York: SIRS 1995 Corrections. 1995. Sowell, Thomas. "The Death Penalty Is an Effective Deterrent." The Death Penalty; Opposing Viewpoints .California:Greenhaven Press, 1997. Steamer, Robert J. "Furman vs. Georgia." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 1995. Appendix A. New York: SIRS 1995 Corrections. 1995.

Indian Health Service: Creating a Climate for Change Essay

IHS is a very complex organization that serves the American Indian and Alaskan Native population. Effective health services for American Indians and Alaskan Natives had to integrate the philosophies of the tribes with those of the medical community. Because not all tribes signed treaties with the United States some people with Indian heritage were not eligible to participate with the federal government programs. Eligible people with Indian heritage were provided various services throughout the IHS programs; however, some IHS locations did not have the necessary equipment or facilities to provide comprehensive services. With the changing external environment and new demands, increasing need for services and shifting political picture, IHS must change internally to increase efficiency, effectiveness and accountability. IHS is very dedicated to respecting the local traditions and beliefs of tribes. IHS has not developed an adequate third-party payor system, has difficulty recruiting and retaining healthcare professionals and the population IHS serves has health status below the rest of the US. IHS must focus on implementing the Indian self-determination in order to increase the health status of the population to gain continued congressional funding and support. IHS wants to put healthcare back into the hands of the tribes. This is difficult because each tribe has different concepts of health and it is difficult to accommodate such a wide variety. Because of the scarce resources it will be difficult to determine which decisions and services should be centralized rather than decentralized. In order to implement the change, IHS should provide honest and open communication about the changes and how they will affect each tribe individually. IHS should also be responsive to criticisms and the individual traditions of each tribe. IHS should evaluate tribal satisfaction and health status outcomes to monitor the progress of the change. Key Issues 1. Why is the balancing of centralization and decentralization a major challenge faced by Dr. Trujillo? 2. What factors could impede changes to the Indian Health System? 3. How can Dr. Trujillo overcome some of the resistance to change? Situational Analysis Strengths Improved health status and decreased mortality in tribes 62% of healthcare workers were of American Indian or Alaska Native heritage Expansion of services provided to tribes Established scholarship and loan payback programs to increase the number of Indian healthcare professionals Weaknesses No third party payor billing system Recruitment and retention of professional staff Population’s health status is below the rest of the US Complicated organizational structure Limited equipment or facilities in certain areas Not collecting co-payments or deductibles Opportunities Increase the health status of the IHS population to gain continued congressional funding Indian self-determination Integrating the philosophies of the tribes with those of the medical community Federal recognition of tribes Strategic business plan to focus of revenue, cost control internal business improvements Threats No after-inflation increase in budget allocation Providing additional health services with little resources Tribes asking for more control over healthcare services Increasing funding for tribal contracts and compacts Stakeholders calling for major changes Organizational Strategy/Implementation Strategy 1. Why is the balancing of centralization and decentralization a major challenge faced by Dr. Trujillo? Stakeholders in IHS are calling for major changes while there is an evident need for new and innovative ways for funding. Balancing the centralization and decentralization will be a major challenge for Dr. Trujillo. A major challenge will be to determine how to shift the responsibility and accountability to the tribes. Dr. Trujillo will have to determine who will be responsible for supervision of these responsibilities and if adequate resources are available for the shift. It  is Dr. Trujillo’s hopes that this will increase tribal participation in IHS programs. It is often difficult to monitor and gather information in decentralized healthcare. It is also difficult to compare centralized and decentralized data. With the very different interpretations of healthcare in each tribe, it will also be a challenge to determine which services to centralize and decentralize. Financi al resources will have to be considered in the evaluation of centralized and decentralized services. It is important that tribes be able to fund their specific health programs but must also be able to stay within the allotted budget determined by IHS. This will also place an administrative burden on the tribes. It is important that the IHS determine the decisions and services most beneficial to the tribe to be decentralized in order to be efficient and effective in those communities. 2. What factors could impede changes to the Indian Health System? Lack of resources in certain areas and different tribal concepts of health could impede changes to the IHS. Without the resources necessary to transfer responsibility of health services over to tribes, the acceptance of tribal healthcare will be difficult. If resources are not available, tribes will not be responsive to the services offered. Determining the differing concepts in tribes could become conflicting with resources at times. The IHS has already tremendously improved the health status of its current population therefore, if tribal concept of health could be individually identified, IHS could reallocate resources and continue to provide primary care and education programs to those areas that would be most responsive. No increase in funding is another factor that could impede changes to the IHS. As tribes are continuing to sign treaties to be recognized by the federal government the service population is increas ing. Without sufficient funding it will be difficult to transfer the responsibility of services into the tribes. The shift in disease patterns and increase in elderly populations will only contribute to the increasing financial costs. Funding of IHS services also makes it difficult to recruit healthcare personnel. IHS could generate more revenue if the concerns about billing and collections were addressed properly. Proper training and controls would have to be implemented to adequately establish these services. The complicated organizational structure of IHS could also impede changes. The responsibilities of the IHS are interrelated and spread over  several organizations. It may become difficult to determine responsibilities in formal and less formal relationships especially if these responsibilities will expand into the tribes. 3. How can Dr. Trujillo overcome some of the resistance to change? A strategic business plan is already in process of being developed by a workgroup of tribal leaders, IHS personnel and private sector consultants. In order to overcome the resistance to change Dr. Trujillo must provide open communication between all stakeholders. Opening communication between all stakeholders will enable all concerns to be brought forward and addressed in the business plan. The goals of the new business plan should be communicated to each tribe efficiently with an explanation of how the plan will affect each tribe in meeting their individual goals. Regular meetings should be held to discuss the impact the business plan is having on the individual tribes and what concern or progresses the tribes are making. Opening communication can help reorganizing the current structure. IHS will be able to learn what concerns tribes have, how to train employees and the best way to implement the new changes. IHS shou ld be very observant during the change and respond to the tribe’s complaints while also praising their accomplishments. Starting out with pilot groups for certain services or ideas can be a great way to demonstrate how new services can be effective. This will influence other tribes to actually observe how a change may be able to work for them while also giving them a model to follow. Select individuals in each tribe should be identified and invited as a key member to participate in meetings to help lead the implementation of key strategies and health improvements. These individuals will be able to connect with members of their own tribes and communicate change in a way that honors the traditions and values of their tribe. Benchmarks for Success IHS will want to determine if their plans for change are successful. Below are multiple milestones that IHS should evaluate to monitor and determine if the implemented changes are successful: Are tribal culture, values, religion and traditions are respected when delivering health services Are proper resources being utilized to meet the individual tribe’s needs Are healthcare services being delivered more efficiently Are the changes meeting the health needs of the individual tribe Are billings and collections being captured accurately.  Is health status improving in different areas in different tribes Is health status improving in comparison to the rest of the US.

Investigation for Magnesium Oxide

Hypothesis – The idea I aim to test in this experiment is the relationship between the mass of magnesium and mass of oxygen once the magnesium has been heated and reacted with the oxygen. There will be 3 variables in this experiment. The independent variable will be the mass of magnesium ribbon as different measurements will be taken and used for each trial. The dependant variable will be the mass of Magnesium Oxide, this is a measured variable as the mass of oxygen can be calculated and will enable us to determine the formula for Magnesium Oxide. The controlled variable is that the Magnesium used is possibly from the same ribbon and after being cut into lengths was stored in the same way in plastic containers. Preliminary – I originally did a preliminary test with Iron wool where we used a similar method but Testthe iron wool was held over the flame by tongs and not contained within a crucible. We learnt from this experiment the importance of the crucible to contain all of the metal for an accurate test because the iron wool broke off as it heated and we were left with a lot of the iron wool on the bench mats around the Bunsen burner so our calculation of the mass of iron oxide was not accurate as we had not contained all the wool and couldn’t accurately collect the pieces around that had come away, therefore no giving a true mass of Iron Oxide. Prediction – I predict that when the magnesium and the Oxygen combine and react together the magnesium will oxidise and become heavier. I expect to see a straight line pattern from these results as I believe the more Magnesium there is the more Oxygen it will take on to form the Magnesium Oxide and so believe the results should gradually get heavier and heavier as the Magnesium gets heavier and heavier. The equation for this investigation would be Mg + O2 ?MgO which would balance as 2Mg + O2 ? 2MgO. This is done as the Oxygen has two molecules which would need two Magnesium molecules to balance it out. The physical changes I expect to take place are heat and light as I expect the Magnesium to change colour as it is heated up and reacts with the Oxygen. The Chemical changes I expect to take place are that a new substance will be made and a new formula will be formed. A new substance will be made in the form of smoke and the new formula will be MgO. Apparatus – *Goggles*Crucible and Lid *Bench Mat*Tongs *Tripod*Varied lengths of Magnesium ribbon *Bunsen burner*Scales *Pipe-clay triangle*200g weight Method – All the apparatus was set up to ensure that the experiment was carried out safely. Goggles were worn and the bench mat was put in place in case any sparks or parts of the experiment went wrong to protect our eyes and the work surface. The tripod and pipe clay triangle were used to keep the crucible safely above the heat. The Bunsen burner was used to heat the magnesium and was set to a fierce blue flame. The crucible held the Magnesium above the Bunsen burner, and the lid contained as much smoke as possible to help the reaction to take place. The crucible lid and tongs were used to occasionally let in the oxygen and then replace the lid safely. The apparatus was set up as above and as per the diagram to being the experiment. I first checked the scales using a 200g weight to check their accuracy. When I weighed the 200g weight on the scales prior to the experiment the scales weighed in at 1. 038kg however, as this was a large weight by comparison to my crucible I didn’t account for this slight measurement in my results as I decided it would make the calculations too low as my crucible was only a fraction of the weight of 200g and so for the purposes of this experiment wouldn’t alter my results enough to justify it. I then measured the crucible without the lid to find out its mass (22. 27g), once recorded I then measured the Magnesium ribbon (0. 9g) I then measured the two together to check the accuracy and got a mass of 22. 56g which meant my previous measurements were reliable. The next step was to put the crucible with the magnesium inside and the lid on onto the pipe clay triangle above the fierce blue flame of the Bunsen burner. The lid remained on only except for occasionally lifting it and quickly replacing it to let more oxygen into the magnesium but to t ry and keep as much smoke in as possible. Once the Magnesium Oxide stopped smoking when the lid was lifted the experiment was complete and I turned off the flame and left the crucible to cool. Once cooled I weighed the crucible with the newly formed Magnesium oxide (22. 72g) and then was able to subtract my previous figure of 22. 56g from this to give a difference of 0. 16g. This 0. 16g was my mass of Oxygen. Results – It can be seen from the results that there is a direct relationship between the mass of Magnesium to start with and the mass of Oxygen in the Magnesium Oxide. Using my results I worked out the ratio between Magnesium and Oxygen, from these results it suggests that the ratio is 1. 2 moles of Magnesium to 1 mole of Oxygen. However you cannot have 1. of an atom and so these results can be rounded up to a ratio of 1:1 which would reflect the equation I had predicted of MgO. Conclusion – The mass of Magnesium got heavier in my experiment by 0. 16g because the Magnesium joined with the Oxygen. Other students’ result ranged from 0. 09 – 0. 46 and apart from one anomalous result the heavier the Magnesium was the higher the mass of Oxygen was. Each measure of Magnesium was only tried once and each measurement was done by an individual and so this may account for the random errors in our findings as shown on the graph, but overall our results were fairly evenly spread. From the results I was able to plot a straight line graph by using a line of best fit; which ran parallel to the theoretical line of best fit. My predictions for this experiment were right as the results show that the more Magnesium ribbon that was used the more oxygen was needed to react with it and so the gradient was steady at about a 450 angle gradually increasing in mass as the Magnesium mass increased. I would say there was one anomalous result as it was significantly below the line of best fit but this can be put down to a number of things such as different scales being used, different people doing each result or simple human error. Our line of best fit was slightly below the theoretical line of best fit for this experiment and I mainly believe this could be due to a systematic error such as the scales we used not being precisely accurate. This may however account for the systematic error of the line of best fit being lower than the theoretical line as that slight change along with random errors may have lowered the results; but the results were still valid as the line of best fit was parallel to the theoretical line meaning we had a constant of the scales being slightly light. As can be seen from the results of our Spearman’s rho and Chi Tests our results were within % of the theoretical results and so this suggests we did an accurate and valid test. We did the Spearman’s rho test as this is a measure of the linear relationship between the two variables and shows us that there is a connection between our results and the theoretical ones. The Spearman’s Rho test shows the accuracy of our res ults and our calculation came in at 98. 7% so it proves our results were very accurate. We did the Chi squared test as this determined whether there was a significant different between the theoretical frequencies and the observed/practical frequencies comparing the validity of the results. At least 95% result in the Chi-squared test would prove to be valid and our result was 99. 99% so it shows our results were definitely valid according to the chi-squared test. We did the Spearman’s and Chi-squared tests via the Excel calculations as shown on the table of results. Evaluation – Overall our results were very accurate but there were some random and systematic errors which could be reduced or resolved if we did further experiments. We could have done re-tests for all the Magnesium masses and taken a mean average of those results to get a more accurate reading this would possibly have reduced any systematic errors. I made the test fair by taking the measurements of the crucible and lid and keeping them the same so that I can compare the results between the Magnesium and Oxygen. Also if the same person had carried out each experiment instead of each student doing a different measurement it may have been more accurate as the method may have changed slightly between each student, for example, one person may have lifted the lid a lot more frequently of for longer periods than another. The difference in the scales will also account for the systematic error as shown on the graph. Also the amount of smoke which was let out during each experiment will have varied between each student as the results were being gathered individually and the amount of smoke which escaped may account for some random errors within our results which is why our results are not all as in line as the theoretical results. And e had to find a line of best fit rather than a clear line which went through each individual result as the theory would suggest. If I were to do this experiment again I would repeat the tests with each mass of Magnesium and take a mean average so as to achieve a more accurate result I would also ensure that each mass of magnesium was the same; as in our experiment some students coiled the Magnesium up in the crucible and others ripped it into little strips. By placing the Magnesium in the crucible in different ways it may affect how much oxygen can get to the ribbon, if it is coiled up for example it may need to be prodded and moved to allow all the Magnesium to have exposure to the Oxygen whereas the smaller strips may be more exposed without as much intervention. On both accounts though if you do need to prod the magnesium in that time you may be letting a lot of smoke out as the lid would obviously need to be off the crucible and so this would also need to be taken into consideration. This is why if the magnesium was placed in the crucible in exactly the same way it would make the results more accurate. To take it one step further you could time the lifting of the lid to make it more accurate, for example, lifting it every 30 seconds for a period of say 2 seconds would mean that each mass of Magnesium would be getting the same time exposed to the oxygen and so a more accurate reading of the amount of Oxygen it gains would be achieved if this was carried out with a stop watch. Also if I were to improve the investigation for next time I would increase the number of Magnesium Masses used to gain a more accurate result and having more results would also make any anomalous results stand out and also expose more random and systematic errors which could be dealt with.

Confidence in third world countries

BLOSTERING INVESTOR CONFIDENCE IN THIRD WORLD COUNTRIESThe history of world has been interposed by a cryptic series of roars and slacks. Historians have singled out the experience of the early 1930 ‘s as the ‘Great desperation. ‘ This undeniably amazing event damaged the so promising economic stableness in Europe and badly broken consumer and investor assurance around the World. Similarly the universe debt crisis of the 1970 ‘s and 1980 ‘s besides brought with it its ain storm effects that overcame both developing and developed states. The debt place of developing states became peculiarly upseting when as Stambuli ( 1998 ) comments it became clear that there was a lifting disparity of external liability and the capableness of states to serve their debt. This terrible disagreement was in the terminal described by several debt agreements and more notably states saying non-payment. ( Stambuli, 1998 ) In retrospection there have been many givens that have wanted to explicate the causes of this crisis, nevertheless this paper will research in peculiar whether developed or developing states should be held responsible for doing and by extension relieving this crisis and how investor assurance can surely be boosted in 3rd universe states. In order to wholly understand the thought of answerability we must foremost understand the common fortunes under which 3rd universe debt became disputing. Many development economic experts view the considerable addition in oil monetary values in 1974, which saw the cost of oil rise from $ 2.70 in 1973 to an intimidating $ 10.00 per container, as a chief footing. This rise immediately elevated the excess on the current histories of oil bring forthing states from $ 7 billion in 1973 to $ 68 billion in 1974. These big excesss twisted the status soundly documented by Stambuli ( 1998 ) that encouraged oil-exporting states who had more foreign exchange than they required invest in western Bankss. In a command to depute the consequent liquidness these Bankss so sought to recycle the excess of ‘petro-dollars ‘ with developing states that had experienced neglecting current histories. The most important charge confronting developed states was their overzealous and careless lending process after the first oil monetary values hurt that occasion small due procedure in set uping the recognition virtue of the recipient state. As the crisis became more evident in early 1980 ‘s international Commercial Bankss began to see some of the negative impacts of their actions. Due to the alteration in financial policy of developed states Bankss began imparting at bit by bit high and variable involvement rates. Bernal ( 1997 ) , reports that involvement rates moved from 12.1 % in 1978 to 17.4 % in 1981 and so to 12.9 % in 1985, therefore Bankss had begun to reexamine what Stambuli ( 1998 ) documented as the ‘Sovereign Risk Hypothesis ‘ , which assumed that states were protected by their built-in character from default Risk. The image farther deteriorated as developed states besides reduced direct assistance and investing to developing states and increased protectionist policies that strictly exploited Less Developed Countries chances for obtaining foreign exchange to go on serving their debt. ( Bernal, 1997 ) Consequently Less Developed Countries Governments have surely contributed in altering the job of debt into a catastrophe. Brown ( 1986 ) carries this competition farther since he comments that in Jamaica for illustration, the Government ‘s finding of fact between 1976 and 1980 to protect an overrated exchange rate and to promote communist policies influenced investor assurance and sudden capital flight. The authorities so found itself holding to borrow non merely to finance the current history shortage but besides increasing degrees of net capital escapes. Brown, 1986 It should hence be clear that both Most Developed Countries and Less Developed Countries should bear the incrimination of doing the Debt Crisis. Less Developed Countries nevertheless unsteadily could hold reduced these effects if they had managed their debt more professionally during the short period. Investing in Third universe Countries makes good concern sense while there are pools of planetary fiscal resources in hunt of chances for variegation and higher returns. Besides, investing chances in such states are reported to offer some of the highest rates of return on investing, even on a risk-adjusted footing. Most Third universe Countries authoritiess have over the last 15 old ages taken important stairss to make an encouraging concern atmosphere. These steps include far success macro economic betterment that have condensed budget shortages and rising prices degrees to individual figure degrees and fueled economic development. A figure of authoritiess have besides taken actions to reenforce the legal and judiciary system and regulative establishments such as those for venture support. While sufficient investing controls and fiscal tools are important to capital flows, most Third universe states have underdeveloped trade good and capital markets. Similarly, basic imitative and warrant instruments that enable investors manage hazard are partial. In add-on, undertaking supports rely chiefly on bank funding, given the inadequacy of Third universe states capital markets, where market capitalisation of most of the states ‘ equity capital markets is less than a 3rd of Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . Despite the growing made by many states to undertake the defect highlighted above and the anticipation for higher returns in Third universe states than in other parts of the universe, most investors have non taken the clip to reexamine the investing opportunities available in Third universe states. In acknowledgment of the significance of reliable economic information, the Bank Group is taking a programme to better informations quality, aggregation, and direction in all Third universe states. The Group is lending more than half of the entire undertaking cost of USD 40 million and expects that the undertaking will help coordination and regional integrating, and fuel capital flows by back uping investor assurance. The Group ‘s attempts to back up good control should besides beef up investor assurance. In add-on to financing institutional support undertakings that improve the capacity of legal and regulative bureaus, the Bank provides resources to bureaus such as the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa ( OHADA ) , whose authorization is to make conditions that assure legal security for concerns. Similarly, the first theoretical account investing jurisprudence of the African Law Institute ( an institute sponsored by the Group ) , has been certified by cardinal regional establishments. This will further regional integrating and farther fuel investings and capital flows to Third universe states. To reason, I believe that each one of us has a critical function to play, every bit good every bit much to derive in increasing capital flows to Third universe states. It makes good concern sense, it makes good unselfish sense. Through due diligence and partnerships, you will be rejecting the doomsday scenarios of Afro pessimists, which leads to a vision of fatalism and hopelessness for Third universe states. You will alternatively be back uping a vision of Third universe states that are genuinely affluent offering moneymaking chances for investings.MentionsAyittey, George B.N. ( 1993 ) , Africa Betrayed.Stambuli, ( 1998 ) Sovereign Risk Hypothesis, New York.Bernal, ( 1997 ) , peripheral Debt, ChicagoBrown, ( 1986 ) , within the trigon of deflation & A ; InflationWorld Bank databases and UNCTAD World Investment Report, 2003

Barriers to Health Maintenance and Disease Prevention

Barriers to Health Maintenance and Disease Prevention Redante Castro Introduction: There are many factors that interfere with health equity and the ability of the patients to get their healthcare needs met. Whether people are healthy or not, is determined by their circumstances and environment. There are challenges that a patient and healthcare providers encounters in securing and providing health services. These social determinants of health, such as income, education, transportation, housing, and race or ethnicity, have powerful influence on a patient’s life long before they arrive at a hospital or clinic. According to literature, persistent social exclusion and inequities in wealth distribution and in access and use of services are reflected in health outcomes. Social exclusions and inequity are obstacles to human development. It poses barriers to poverty reduction strategies. It hinders social unity and improved health conditions of the populations. Social exclusion and inequity are further compounded by racial and gende r discrimination. There are health disadvantages due to differences between segments of populations or between societies. There are health gaps arising from the differences between the worse-off and everyone else. Lastly, there are health gradients relating to differences across spectrum of the population. Studies have shown that the poorest of the poor have the worst health. This is also a global phenomenon, seen in low, middle, and high income countries. Within countries, studies showed that a person with low socioeconomic position has worse health- this is the social gradient of health. The poorest have the highest mortality rates. Improvements in income and education has a positive effect on health. One’s occupation is also relevant to health in terms of workplace risks exposure and its role in positioning the person along a society’s hierarchy. There is also demographic transition to consider that affects health, i.e., increasing life expectancy, increasing number of youths, growing number of elderly persons in the population, increased migration, and rapid urban growth. Population distribution and population age structure are crucial determinants of social, economic, and health-related services. For example, people in poverty are likely to be exposed to higher level of stress, economic uncertainty, and unhealthy conditions than their wealthier countrymen. It was recognized by some policymakers and stakeholders that the population’s health cannot be sustained by focusing solely on the financing and distribution of medical services. A more comprehensive and integrated strategies are necessary to foster health in all policies. An approach that integrate considerations of health, well-being, and equity in the development, implementation, and evaluation of policies and services. Determinants of health are being acknowledged and incorporated into health reform processes and policy changes are made. Examples of these policy changes are: reg ulation of alcohol and tobacco products, the expansion of healthier transportation systems (bicycle paths, pedestrian-friendly roads, and pathways), improvement in air and water quality, expansion of primary health care services, and improvements in nutrition programs. This new focus has helped divert the emphasis away from individual lifestyles and from a focus on disease towards broader determinants and actions that created a big impact on population health. However, it is probably fair to say that all community issues are political to some degree. For example, if a factory is poisoning town water system with its effluent and poisonous waste, local officials are faced with the choice of not dealing with the actual cause of the problem, i.e., the dumping of waste and endangering citizen’s health, or addressing the dumping and endangering citizen’s job. Differences of political opinion can have enormous consequences in the health of the community.

Final reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final reflection - Essay Example As while attending this class, I was literally flushed with images and visual representations of the surrounding culture, this class really redefined and reshaped the visual literacy I possess. It endowed me with the ability to interpret the physicality of things and brought me to the realization that a work of art not only happens to be a conveyor of information in a wide variety of manners, but also helped me understand the fact that a visual approach towards things imbues the consciousness with multiple meanings that are hitherto oblivious to the human perception (Leppert 178). It also helped me get a hold over the varied nuances associated with the mediums that are used to contrive art. The impact of this class had been so intense that now when I approach a work of art, I am not only enamored by the physicality of it, but have also discovered that my art appreciation abilities have been immensely enhanced by attending this class (Davies 156). Now I have come to respect the raw po wer inherent in the works of art and their capacity and ability to facilitate a complex physical and sensual experience. The onus of drafting discussion board posts on a regular basis matured and refined my capacity to analyze and criticize the works of art. This class has bolstered my visual literacy in the sense that it has enhanced my capacity to think and furthered my talent for creating and communicating graphically. I must acknowledge that hitherto my attitude towards art was not that mature and well contrived. My basic understanding of the role of art in life was limited and constrained. In that aspect this class has expanded my overall vision towards art. It has helped me understand that art not only stands to be an all embracing notion, but it has also played a pivotal and important role in the advancement of the mankind (Bennett 92). I have come to know that art tends to have multiple functions and that it is literally impossible to overestimate the relevance of art in lif e. Art has and will continue to play an important role in the enhancement of human consciousness (Bennett 92). Art not only helps an individual make a sense of the world surrounding one, but also much helps answering eternal questions pertaining to the nature of beauty and love. I have realized that not only the language of art happens to be universal, but art also pivotally helps in shaping the human notions of harmony and beauty. Art stands to be utterly important in the sense that it helps in linking human lives, ideals, values and interests. It goes without saying that commensurate with the refining of my innate capacity for art appreciation and my enhanced respect for the visual phenomenon, I experienced many breakthrough moments. I experienced many moments when I simply stood back and experienced many new things in the works of art that were hitherto familiar to me (Carroll 151). For instance only a few decades back I was looking at the black and white photographs by Ansel Ada ms. Earlier I looked at these photographs as just being merely black and white pictures. However, courtesy this class, when I look at these photographs now I am not only able to decipher the meanings hidden in the dark and light variations, but I am also able to appreciate the varied interplay of tones and texture contrived at by the artist in these pictures. Thereby now I have more of ‘wow’ moments when I look at a work of art. My approach towards art

Philosophical Thoughts and Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophical Thoughts and Issues - Essay Example I am an existentialist, and I highly regard people’s choices and decisions. I listen to other people’s views and I am flexible when making decisions. I value my interests greatly. With regard to reality, I believe that it is subjective, and determined by an individual. Reality is the existence of things in a certain state. This does not involve imaginations, instead, real things are things which are there at the moment, or have been there in the past. They can be observable or not observable. Moreover, reality involves things that can be easily comprehended and those that are difficult to understand (Hay 41). Individuals must be free to make their own decisions and choices in life. As an individual, I do not live by the predetermined choices of other people. I make my own decisions depending on my conscious, subconscious and unconscious mind. Epistemology gives us a basis for discussing the nature as well as the scope of knowledge. It helps us to know how knowledge is acquired (Hay 5). We acquire knowledge through experience. As people grow up, they face many situations some of which are happy moments whereas others are sad moments. Results from these situations help people to uncover the knowledge presented by these situations. We cannot claim to know everything with absolute certainty, because we only believe some things to be true. We have no complete proof that they are true; for instance, we believe that we will die but we do not know our fate after death. We use our senses to make assumptions of what is certain, but we cannot claim to know everything. Ethics or moral principles that guide society, an organization or professionals, are essential in life. Ethics is mainly concerned with leading individuals towards doing good things for colleagues or peers. They are seen as universal, with acceptance from all the people governed by them. Ethics affect people’s behavior as well as judgments and decisions. Ethics guide people on  how to establish and lead good lives. They also teach us our rights and responsibilities as members of a certain community (Hay 57).